The first kind of evidence the government will use is the police officer's observations. All officers in Arizona are certified peace officers, and they all have taken certain courses in DUI investigations. These courses are all standardized NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) classes, the same across the country. The police officer will testify as to how he saw the accused drive and how he saw the accused behaved once he got out of the car. The testimony is always right out of the NHTSA playbook, practically memorized. The police officer will testify to no end how the accused exhibited the NHTSA "nighttime driving cues of impairment." That is just copspeak for "he looked like he was driving drunk."

Next, the police officer will testify about the field sobriety tests, or FSTs. According to NHTSA, the FSTs are standardized and are a reliable way to determine if someone has had too much too drink. The tests typically include the horizontal gaze nystagmus, the walk and turn, and the one legged stand. Allegedly, these tests are validated.

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